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 |  موضوع: كتاب A Quick Guide to Pipeline Engineering الجمعة 12 نوفمبر 2021, 11:49 am | |
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أحضرت لكم كتاب
A Quick Guide to Pipeline Engineering
D. Alkazraji
BEng, CEng, MIMechE
Series editor: Clifford Matthews
و المحتوى كما يلي :
Contents
The Quick Guide Series vii
Invitation to New Authors viii
Preface ix
Summary xi
Chapter 1 Principles of Pipeline Design
1.1 Effect on the environment 2
1.2 Routing 4
1.3 Approval and legal considerations 8
Chapter 2 Design Approach
2.1 Factors that influence the length of a pipeline 10
2.2 Choosing a wall thickness for the pipeline 11
2.3 Choosing an appropriate material grade for the
pipeline 12
2.4 Toughness 13
2.5 Operational pressure 14
2.6 Temperature effects 16
2.7 Surge 17
2.8 Pipeline coating 18
2.9 Pipeline protection 21
Chapter 3 Pipeline Construction and Risk
Assessment Techniques
3.1 Pipeline manufacturing methods 23
3.2 Land preparation, excavation and pipe stringing 26
3.3 Corrosion protection 29
3.4 Pipeline codes and standards 32
3.5 Risk assessment techniques 34
3.6 Quantitative risk assessment 35
3.7 Qualitative risk assessment 38
Chapter 4 Pressure Testing and Commissioning
4.1 Pressure testing 43
4.2 Commissioning
Chapter 5 Pipeline Operation
5.1 Magnetic inspection 55
5.2 Ultrasonic inspection 58
5.3 Geometric tools 60
5.4 In-service defects and corrosion mechanisms 61
Chapter 6 Pipeline Maintenance
6.1 Assessment of internal and external corrosion
features 75
6.2 Assessing dents/profile distortions 95
6.3 Significance of manufacturing and construction
defects 103
Chapter 7 Pipeline Condition Monitoring and Repair
Methods
7.1 Pearson survey 127
7.2 CIPPS survey 129
7.3 DCVG survey 130
7.4 Repair techniques 131
Chapter 8 Pipeline Decommissioning and Industry
Developments
8.1 Pipeline decommissioning 139
8.2 Pipeline industry developments 141
References 149
Index
Index
Acceptance curves 88
Aerial surveillance 53
ALARP 35, 36
American National
Standards Institute 1
American Petroleum
Institute 1
Anode 29, 31
Anodic reaction 66
API 579 105, 110–112
Area classification 14
As low as reasonably
practicable, ALARP 35,
36
ASME B31.G 77, 78–80
Assessment of corrosion
features 75–95
effective area
methods 75, 77–78
UTS-based methods 75,
82–86
Axial stress 74
Bacterial corrosion 67
Barlow equation 16
Battelle PCORRC 82, 85–
86
British Standards 1
Brittle fracture 106
BS 7910 105, 109–110
Buckling 60
lateral 7
upheaval 7
Bulging factor 76, 91
Carbon dioxide 68
Cathode 29
Cathodic protection 18, 29
CIPPS survey 129
Cleaning pigs 54
Coating surveys 53
Coatings 18–21, 29
coal tar enamel 20, 65
fusion-bonded epoxy- 21
heat-shrinkable plastic 20
polyethylene 20
tape 20
Colebrook–White
equation 11
Commissioning 43, 48–51
Composite sleeve 135
Concrete mattress 22
Condition monitoring 127–
137
Consequence of failure 34–
38
Construction defects 63,
103–125
Corrosion
allowance 12
bacterial 67
cell 29
costs 64
features, assessment
of 75–95
general 56, 66
microbiologically
induced 67
pitting 56, 66
protection 29–32
sour 67, 69–70
sweet 67, 68–69
Cracking
hydrogen-induced 69
stress-oriented hydrogeninduced 70
sulphide stress
corrosion 70
Cracks 103, 104–106
Cut-out 132
DCVG survey 130
Decommissioning 139–141
Dents 56, 60, 63, 95–103
constrained 63
plain 63
smooth 63
unconstrained 63
Department of Trade and
Industry (DTI) 8
Design 9
Design factor 14
Disbonding 65
DNV 82
DNV-RP-F101 82–84
DOT 34
Double stroking 46
Drag 7
Drying 49–51
Echo time 58
Effective area methods 75,
77–78
Electric resistance welded
pipe 23
Environmental impact
assessment 3
Epoxy sleeve 132
Event frequency 37
External corrosion 64
External pressure 12
Failure assessment
diagram 105
Failure stress 93
Fatigue cracks 60
Fatigue 98–103, 116–122
Field applied tapes 65
Flow stress 76, 91, 109
Folias bulging factor 76
Fracture ratio 107
Fracture toughness 108
Free spans 7
Fusion-bonded epoxy 18,
21
coatings 21
Galvanic series 30
Gauge pigs 54
General corrosion 56, 66
Geometric tools 60–61
Girth or seam weld
defects 63
Girth weld anomalies 56
Gouges 56, 63, 122–123
Grinding 132
Group or societal risk 35,
37
Half-slope 45
Health and Safety Executive,
HSE 32, 34, 35
Heat-shrinkable plastic
coatings 20
Hoop stress 16, 74
Hydrodynamic loads 7
Hydrogen cracking 69
Hydrogen sulphide 67
Hydrogen-induced
cracking 69
Hydrotest 25, 43
safety margin 44
IGE/TD/1 1
Impressed current protection
system 29
Inclusions 62
Individual risk 35
Inertia forces 7
Inhibitors 72
In-line vibration 7
In-service defects 61–72
Inspection 104
inspection tools 54
Institution of Gas Engineers
and Managers 1
Integrity and management
strategy 73
Intelligent inspection 53
Internal corrosion 67–70
Internal pressure 12
J-lay 28
Lack of fill 63
Laminations 56, 62, 103,
112–115
Land preparation 26–29
Lateral buckling 7
Leak clamp repair 132
Leakage 75
Life cycle 1
Lift 7
Load ratio 107
Longitudinal-seam
submerged arc welded
pipe, LSAW 23
Magnetic inspection 55–58
Major accident prevention
document, MAPD 33
Manufacturing defects 56,
103–125
Manufacturing features 62–
63
Manufacturing
methods 23–26
MAOP (maximum allowable
operating pressure) 86
Material grade 12
Mechanical clamps 136
Mechanical expansion
test 25
Methanol swabbing 49–50
Microbiologically induced
corrosion 67
Minimum yield 12
Minor’s rule 125
Misalignment 63
Modified B31.G 80
Office of Pipeline Safety,
OPS 34
On and off potentials 32
IndexOperational drying 50
Operational pressure 14–16
Ovality 60
Overburden pressure 65
Panhandle method 11
Paris law 119
Patch repair 134
PD 8010 1
Pearson survey 127–129
Pigs 53
cleaning 54
gauge 54
Pipeline codes 32–34
Pipeline Safety
Regulations 32, 34
Piper Alpha 32
Pitting corrosion 56, 66
Plastic collapse 85, 106
Polarized potential 32
Polyethylene coatings 20
Porosity 62
Pressure cycling 123
Pressure testing 43–48
Primary stress 109
Probability of failure 35, 38
Protection 21–22
Public Gas Transporter
Pipeline Works
Regulations 3
Qualitative risk
assessment 35, 38–41
Quantitative risk
assessment 35–37
Rainflow counting 124–125
Ranking 38
Reduction reaction 66
Reel lay 28
Repair techniques 131–137
composite sleeve 135
cut-out 132
epoxy sleeve 132
grinding 132
leak clamp 132
mechanical clamps 136
patch 134
snug-fitting sleeve 133
stand-off sleeve 134
stopple and bypass 133
weld deposition 134
Reynolds number Re 11
Risk assessment 34–35
Risk matrix 38
Risk-based inspection 38
Ritchie and Last 82, 84–85
Routing 4–8
RSTRENG assessment
method 80, 81–82
Rupture 75
Sacrificial protection
system 29
SCADA 53
Seam weld anomalies 56
Seamless pipe 23
Secondary stress 109
S-lay 28
S–N curves 117
Snug-fitting sleeve 133
Sour corrosion 67, 69–70
Span 7
A Quick Guide to Pipeline EngineeringSpecified minimum yield
strength, SMYS 13
Spiral submerged arc welded
pipe, SSAW 23
Stand-off sleeve 134
Stopple and bypass 133
Stress 90
concentration 100, 119
corrosion cracking 56,
60, 66, 67
intensity factor 108, 119
Stress-oriented hydrogeninduced cracking 70
Submarine Pipelines Act 34
Sulphate-reducing
bacteria 67
Sulphide stress corrosion
cracking 70
Surge 17
Survey methods 127–130
Sweet corrosion 67, 68–69
Synchronous
interrupting 32
Tape coatings 20
Temperature 16–17
transition 17
Tensile strength 12
Third-party damage 63
Total usage factor 83
Toughness 13–14
Toughness-dependent
mode 85
Transformer 31
Transition temperature 17
Ultrasonic inspection 58–60
Upheaval buckling 7
UTS 13
UTS-based methods 75,
82–86
Vacuum drying 50
Vortex-induced vibration 7
Walking survey 53
Wall thickness 11–12
variations 115
Weld deposition 134
Weymouth method 11
Index WPNL2204
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